Type de document : Research Paper
Auteurs
Maître assistante, Université Alzahra
Résumé
La conception classique qui préconise la non-traduction des noms propres est aujourd’hui fortement mise en question. Les études récentes réalisées par les grands traductologues et linguistes démontrent les paradoxes dans les différentes pratiques en ce qui concerne le transfert des noms propres. Dans l’étude présente, nous essayons d’identifier les choix traductifs des noms propres du persan en français dans le Dictionnaire des notions et expressions des sciences islamiques, rédigé en 1996, par le feu Ebrahim Shakourzadeh. L’analyse des traductions de trois grandes sous-catégories des noms propres à savoir les anthroponymes, les toponymes et les pragmonymes du domaine islamique, nous permet, dans un premier temps, de dégager les caractéristiques propres aux stratégies du traducteur partant de la préservation de l’étrangeté et la couleur locale de la langue et culture d’origine pour aller vers les normes de la langue et culture réceptrice. Nous montrons ensuite comment dans le cas des noms propres qui se rattache simplement à un référent extralinguistique, le transfert ne pose pas de problème. Mais là où ils déclenchent en même temps une signification, les problèmes de traduction commencent : certains noms propres déclencheurs de sens doivent être traduits, forcément pris en compte dans le contexte, dans le cas de certains d’autres, généralement à caractère métaphorique, une traduction littérale ne va engendrer que la confusion chez le lecteur français. Il vaudrait mieux que dans ce cas, le traducteur recoure à une combinaison de procédés
Faits marquants
Translation of Proper Names
in The Dictionary of the Notions and Expressions of Islamic Sciences*
Atefeh NAVARCHI**/ Ladane MOTAMEDI***
THE Dictionary of the Notions and Expressions of Islamic Sciences, written by the late Ebrahim Shakourzadeh, the former professor of the University of Meshad, and published in 1996, is the first and still the only bilingual Persian-French dictionary specialized in Islamic terminology, just as the title indicates.
The dictionary transfers the concepts contained in the Qur'an and Islamic texts, referring to suras, hadiths, historical characters or events and geographical places, in French, by placing them, in some cases, in the socio-historical context that gave birth to them. That being said, all the formal and functional equivalents, linguistic and contextual, are made available to the user.
We try, during this article, to concentrate on the study of the translation of proper nouns and the processes applied in this book to see how the new scope of translation studies could be used to revitalize this gigantic work.
The proper name and its translation
As for its translation, the definition of the proper name is the subject of controversy. To overcome the shortcomings in the definition of proper names, new theories are less generalizing, more flexible. Thus, Gary-Prieur considering the proper name as a linguistic sign, places it in the context to define it. As for its translation, as Vaxelaire points out, "contrary to the idea that the proper noun is untranslatable, the context (and at a higher level the textual genre) often dictates the choice of modifying or preserving a proper name in the target language. "(2006, p.593).
For the Dictionary of Shakurzadeh, we notice the strategies of different natures in the translation of these names.
Strategies for proper names translation
Exoticism: preserving the strangeness of the original word
There are actually different types of translations between Arabic and languages with the Latin alphabet as to the transfer of untranslated terms including proper nouns:
Transcription:
Transcription is, according to Ballard, "an attempt to preserve the foreign pronunciation" ((Ballard, 2001, p.27).
ق (قاف) Qaf
The empirical transcription:
The empirical transcription is indeed a phonological adaptation of the original word in the target language.
طرابلس Tripoli
The preservation of the notorious characteristics of the source language such as ال or ابن:
ابن الاثیر (مورخ عرب قرن ششم و هفتم ه. ق.) Ibn al-Athir
Transcription with explanation of meaning:
"consists in introducing the contents of a note or a form of commentary into the text beside the proper noun" (Ballard, 2001, p.111).
منا (Valley of) Minâ
Francization:
This process is indeed an effort to preserve the foreign name but modified according to a lexical structure specific to the target language.
سربداران Sarbedarians
Adjustment: priority to the meaning
The literal translation:
This process is especially practiced for place names: the names of geographical places, monuments, etc.
مسجد کبود Blue Mosque
Substitution:
When there is not an exact equivalent in the target culture, an equivalent that fulfills all the functions of the word of the source language, a form of explanation can be used by the translator.
محشر Gathering of the human race on the Day of Resurrection
Metonymy: return to the category of common names:
Another solution that Shakourzadeh uses, despite the inevitable loss of meaning, when the proper name has no equivalent in the target language and culture, is the use of a metonymic term:
سقر Hell
The use of a cultural reference of the target culture:
Some proper names belonging to the history of humanity are mentioned by all religions and have exact equivalents in the target culture:
طوفان نوح Flood
Shakurzadeh translated "طوفان نوح" by its equivalent in the Christian religion (Flood).
Translation of the proper name, a controversial translation policy
The choice of process: a challenge for the translator
As we have seen, the processes of the proper name translation are numerous. But that does not mean that the translator can act as he wants. We have also seen that the criteria for adopting a particular process for a given type of this category, despite the efforts made on this subject, are far from being able to provide a fixed income. Indeed, the proper name, just like the common name, cannot be treated outside of its context.
The proper names of the Shakurzadeh dictionary, even before being placed in a particular context, are in an Islamic matrix, a matrix that imposes constraints to be taken into account by the translator. Even a perfect knowledge of the Islamic specialty language, of course, beside the source language, does not allow the translator to favor one strategy over another. The social dimensions of the employment of the cultural referent in question must also be taken into account.
Conclusion
During this research, we tried to study all the processes of the proper names translation used in the Dictionary of Islamic Science notions and expressions. Given the heterogeneity of the class of the proper name, and that of the theories concerning its translation, we noted various processes in the dictionary.
However, this is not only a question of the point of view of the authors and translators but also the norms of the time.
Keywords— Translation, proper name, Dictionary of the Notions and Expressions of Islamic Sciences.
*Received: 2018/04/01 Accepted: 2018/06/23
**Assistant professor, Alzahra University, (corresponding author), E-mail: a.navarchi@alzahra.ac.ir
***Assistant professor, Alzahra University, E-mail: l.motamedi@alzahra.ac.ir
Mots clés
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